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Using a VPN is a great way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it is not a solution for encrypting your regional files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple for a back door to get beyond the encryption. However, no such back door existed, and Apple refused to create one. The FBI had to employ hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a rear door or similar hack exists, it will become a target, a decoration for the bad guys. It will flow sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat this past summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed that the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update them, but the poor guys can't get in either. .

All the products in this roundup explicitly state they have no back door, and that's as it should be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, then you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, in the event that you wanted to keep a document key you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you might lock it up in a safe. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel these options.

One type of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of these. Another creates a virtual disc that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, each the documents that you put into it are entirely inaccessible. .

Like the digital drive solution, some products store your encrypted data in the cloud. This strategy requires extreme caution, obviously. Encrypted information in the cloud has a far larger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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That is better It really depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of this 30-day free trial offered by each of these products to get a sense of the different options.

Once you copy a file into secure storage, or make an encrypted version of it, you definitely need to wipe the unencrypted original. Just deleting it isn't sufficient, even in the event that you bypass the Recycle Bin, because the information still exists on disk, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products avoid this problem by encrypting the document in location, literally overwriting it on disk with an encrypted version. It is more common, however, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you select a product that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting information before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval functions because the magnetic recording of data on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known information and reading around the borders of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, image, or other file into it, and you get back what seems like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, using the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has settled on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one the products accumulated here service AES. Even the ones that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you're an encryption expert, you may prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the typical consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you receive two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, register it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. The other is private, and needs to be carefully guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this program in reverse, you can make an electronic signature that proves your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Exactly To encrypt it with your private key. The fact that your public key decrypts it's all of the evidence you need. PKI service is less common than service for traditional symmetric Virtual Investment Portfolio algorithms. .

If you want to share a document with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You could also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.